Tragedy of the commons

In economics, the phenomenon in which individual users strive for their own-self interest and in opposition to the common good of all users. The result of the above is a depletion of the resource and eventually a fail to accomplish our self -interests.

wikipedia

Shellshock

is a term that describes the psycological breakdown that occured by bombing

“The 20th century”, John Higgs, p. 91

Occam’s Razor

If there are two competing theories, the simpler one is most likely to be true

“The 20th century”, John Higgs, p. 153

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

is the result of the research of german psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus who wanted to understand why we forget things and what we can do about it. So, he created a visual representation of the way that learned information declines over time.

mindtools

Testing effect

is the established psychological observation that the mere act of testing someone’s memory will strengthen the memory (regardless of whether there is feedback).

From:gwern.net blog

Affirmative action

means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity—affirmative action generates intense controversy.

From:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Legacy preferences or legacy admission

is a preference given by an institution or organization to certain applicants on the basis of their familial relationship to alumni of that institution, with college admissions being the field in which legacy preferences are most controversially used. Students so admitted are referred to as legacies or legacy students. Legacy preferences in college and university admissions are particularly widespread in the United States.

From:Wikipedia

Moral desert

Desert in philosophy is the condition of being deserving of something, whether good or bad. The word is related to justice, revenge, blame, punishment and many topics central to moral philosophy, also “moral desert”.

From:Wikipedia

Delayed gratification

describes the process that the subject undergoes when the subject resists the temptation of an immediate reward in preference for a later reward. Generally, delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later. A growing body of literature has linked the ability to delay gratification to a host of other positive outcomes, including academic success, physical health, psychological health, and social competence.

From:Wikipedia

Ανασταλτικός έλεγχος, Inhibitory control

αναφέρεται στην ικανότητα αναστολής μιας ακατάλληλης απάντησης ή στοιχείου της προσοχής, για την αποτελεσματικότερη απόκριση σε μια περίσταση (Shing, Lindenberger, Diamond, & Davidson, 2010). Ένα άτομο, ενώ μπορεί να έχει επίγνωση των παραμέτρων ενός προβλήματος, μπορεί να δυσκολεύεται να αναστείλει μια ακατάλληλη αρχική αντίδραση για την επίλυση ενός προβλήματος.

Self-regulation

Ως αυτορρύθμιση (self-regulation) ορίζεται η διαδικασία με την οποία οι μαθητές ενεργοποιούν και διατηρούν γνωστικές λειτουργίες, συμπεριφορές και συναισθήματα τα οποία είναι συστηματικά προσανατολισμένα στην επίτευξη των στόχων τους. Εξετάζει το βαθμό κατά το οποίο συμμετέχουν ενεργά στη μαθησιακή τους διαδικασία, εξετάζοντας παράγοντες όπως τη μεταγνώση, τις πεποιθήσεις κινήτρων και τη συμπεριφορά τους (Παντελιάδου & Μπότσας, 2007). Παράλληλα, καθορίζει γενικότερες διαστάσεις της ζωής, όπως την αποτελεσματική διαχείριση του χρόνου του μαθητή, τις πεποιθήσεις αυτό-κινητοποίησης που κατέχει (αυτο-αποτελεσματικότητα, προσδοκίες αποτελέσματος, εσωτερικό ενδιαφέρον και προσανατολισμός στον στόχο). Τέλος, περιλαμβάνει την αξιολόγηση και τον αναστοχασμό των προσπαθειών που έχει καταβάλει, μέσα από την οποία μπορεί να αισθανθεί υπερηφάνεια ή και ικανοποίηση (Παντελιάδου & Μπότσας, 2007).

Οι γνωστικές διεργασίες οι οποίες συμπεριλαμβάνονται στην αυτορρύθμιση είναι η μετατόπιση της προσοχής, η εργαζόμενη μνήμη και η ικανότητα αναστολής. Ακόμη, εμπλέκονται γνωστικές διεργασίες ελέγχου οι οποίες εμφανίζονται κατά τον σχεδιασμό, την επίλυση προβλημάτων και κατά την εφαρμογή μιας τελικής αντίδρασης (Blair & Razza, 2007).

Tu quoque (argumentum ad hominem)

It involves not accepting a view or a recommendation because the espouser him- or herself does not follow it. Thus, if our neighbor advises us to exercise regularly and we reject her advice on the basis that she does not exercise regularly, we commit the tu quoque fallacy: the value of advice is not wholly dependent on the integrity of the advisor.

From:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Political secularism

ideologies and policies which seek to keep civic life free from religious domination or preference. That is, keeping government out of the business of religion and religion out of the business of government.

From:Psychology Today

Will-o'-the-wisp

In literature, will-o'-the-wisp metaphorically refers to a hope or goal that leads one on but is impossible to reach, or something one finds sinister and confounding.

From:Wikipedia

White fragility

White people in North America live in a social environment that protects and insulates them from race-based stress. This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to what I refer to as White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium.

From:International Journal of Critical Pedagogy

The Euthyphro Problem

The Euthyphro dilemma is found in Plato’s dialogue Euthyphro.“The question Socrates asks can be framed something like this:

  • Are right actions right because God commands them?
  • Or are right actions commanded by God because they are right?”

From:yt channel"Crash Course Philosophy"

Begging the question

In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument’s premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. It is a type of circular reasoning: an argument that requires that the desired conclusion be true

From:Wikipedia

Ναρκισσιστικές σχέσεις αντικειμένου

ο άνθρωπος που ενεργοποιεί την προβολή καταλήγει να σχετίζεται με το δικό του εαυτό και, συγκεκριμένα, με το αρνητικό τμήμα του εαυτού του. Γι' αυτό και οι σχέσεις που εμπεριέχουν ισχυρές προβολές ονομάζονται “ναρκισσιστικές σχέσεις αντικειμένου”

Ελένη Παπαδάκη - Μιχαηλίδη, Από τους γονείς στους ερωτικούς συντρόφους